Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition in which the bronchi — the structures that conduct air into the lungs — become permanently dilated with altered walls. This dilation makes mucus clearance difficult; secretions accumulate and promote repeated inflammation and infections. It can develop after severe lung infections, inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, or other respiratory conditions.
Characteristic symptoms
- Chronic cough, persisting for months or years
- Frequent and abundant mucus production
- Recurrent respiratory infections
- Shortness of breath, especially with exertion
- Fatigue
- Occasional blood in the sputum
How diagnosis is made
The most important test is high-resolution chest CT, which accurately visualizes bronchial dilation. The pulmonologist may also request spirometry, sputum and blood tests, and investigate underlying conditions that may have caused the problem.
Treatment
Treatment aims to reduce symptoms, prevent new infections, and preserve lung function.
- Chest physiotherapy to drain secretions
- Inhaled medications when indicated
- Antibiotics during infections or as preventive therapy
- Vaccination to reduce infection risk
- Hydration and general respiratory health care
Each patient is assessed individually. Treatment is tailored to disease severity and the identified cause.
Why investigate chronic cough
Many people live for years with persistent cough and phlegm without knowing there is a specific cause. When properly diagnosed and monitored, it is possible to control symptoms, reduce infections, and preserve lung health over time.